Resource: Van der Auwera, Johan and Genee, Inge. (2002). “English do: on the convergence of languages and linguists.” English Language and Linguistics. Cambridge University Press.
Native American influence on the English language of the United States is relatively limited. (Van der Auwera & Genee 2002) (page 283)
Progressive form of verb often considered influence from Celtic languages. (Van der Auwera & Genee 2002) (page 284)
General consensus of linguists is that Celtic influence is very limited. (Van der Auwera & Genee 2002) (page 284)
English do is used in constructions of questions, negatives, and emphasis. (Van der Auwera & Genee 2002) (page 285)
Most similar Germanic element to English do is German “tun”. (Van der Auwera & Genee 2002) (page 286)
Using “do” in a causative structure in Celtic languages is very uncommon. (Van der Auwera & Genee 2002) (page 290)
Causative do/make equivalent is common in Romance languages. (Van der Auwera & Genee 2002) (page 291)
One hypothesis on the origin of do-support is through the causative construction. (Van der Auwera & Genee 2002) (page 293)
Another hypothesis is that influence from Celtic languages created English “do”. (Van der Auwera & Genee 2002) (page 295)
The hypothesis that English do could have been influenced by other Celtic languages has been dismissed in the past due to lack of evidence, but there are several other hypotheses about Celtic influence, such as on the progressive forms of verbs. (Van der Auwera & Genee 2002) (page 295)
Korean shows that language contact alone could potentially give rise to additional uses of verbs like do. (Van der Auwera & Genee 2002) (page 296)
There is a potential influence on English from substrate Celtic language auxiliaries, but the lack of an early habitual makes them less likely. (Van der Auwera & Genee 297)
Identical construction influence from Celtic languages seems more likely. (Van der Auwera & Genee 2002)
Support of the Celtic language influence hypotheses is quite uncommon overall. Van der Auwera and Genee (2002) believe that it has been overlooked.
Non-British linguists, particularly German-speaking ones, seem to be more supportive of hypotheses than British ones. (Van der Auwera & Genee 2002)
The credibility of the Celtic hypotheses has been undermined by extreme claims. (Van der Auwera & Genee 2002)
A historical focus on the importance of the Anglo-Saxons and their supposed unity has resulted in a general discount and neglect of the importance of Celtic contributions to modern Britain. (Van der Auwera & Genee 2002)
Image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain#/media/File:Britain.5th.cen.AS.cemeteries.jpg
